The ladder of inference describes how a negotiator, or any decision maker, relies upon her personal knowledge, or observable data, up the ladder of inference to the next stage, which is selected data.
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ladder of inference
A model that describes how individuals reach conclusions and make decisions based on facts. The model states that individuals move from observable data and experiences to selected "data," added meanings, assumptions from those selected data and meanings, conclusions that are drawn, beliefs from those conclusions, and actions based on those beliefs. (Peter M. Senge, Art Kleiner, Charlotte Roberts and Bryan J. Smith, The Fifth Discipline Fieldbook [Currency, Doubleday, 1994])
The following items are tagged ladder of inference:
Negotiation and Leadership
NEGOTIATION MASTER CLASS
Negotiation Essentials Online
Beyond the Back Table: Working with People and Organizations to Get to Yes
Articles & Insights
BATNA
- Business Negotiations
- Conflict Resolution
- Crisis Negotiations
- Dealing with Difficult People
- Dealing with challenging negotiators
- Negotiating with Difficult Personalities and “Dark” Personality Traits
- M&A Negotiation Strategy: Dealing with an Unpredictable Counterpart
- Bargaining in Bad Faith: Dealing with “False Negotiators”
- Dealing with Difficult People and Negotiation: When Should You Give Up the Fight?
- Dealmaking
- Dispute Resolution
- International Negotiation
- Leadership Skills
- Mediation
- AI Mediation: Using AI to Help Mediate Disputes
- How Mediation Can Help Resolve Pro Sports Disputes
- Mediation Training: What Can You Expect?
- Undecided on Your Dispute Resolution Process? Combine Mediation and Arbitration, Known as Med-Arb
- Types of Mediation: Choose the Type Best Suited to Your Conflict
- Negotiation Skills
- Negotiation Training
- Trust in Negotiation: Does Gender Matter?
- Negotiation Training: What’s Special About Technology Negotiations?
- Cole Cannon Esq. Shares His Negotiation and Leadership Experience
- Gender and Negotiation: New Research Findings
- Ethics and Negotiation: 5 Principles of Negotiation to Boost Your Bargaining Skills in Business Situations
- Salary Negotiations
- Teaching Negotiation
- Act Now to Purchase Materials for Next Semester and Avoid a Price Increase
- Negotiating Identity and Values-Based Disputes
- Learn from the Best with the Great Negotiator Case Studies
- Casino Two: Updated Version of Casino Available from the TNRC
- Teach Your Students How to Have Difficult Conversations Over Email
- Win-Win Negotiations